LIBYA

In 2025, Libya remains mired in political and security chaos, with no credible prospect of an end to the crisis. The country continues to be divided between two rival authorities: in the west, the Government of National Unity (GNU) based in Tripoli and led by Abdelhamid Dbeibah ; in the east, a parallel administration backed by Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar and the House of Representatives sitting in Tobruk. UN-sponsored negotiations have failed to organize national elections, and institutional rifts are widening.

Real power is held by local militias, tribal, or ideological armed groups, which vie for control of strategic areas, economic resources (such as oil, customs posts, and road networks), and migratory flows. The southern part of the country, vast and poorly monitored, is a hub for the trafficking of weapons, drugs, and human beings, as well as recurring clashes between Tuareg, Toubou, and Arab groups.

In the east, Khalifa Haftar maintains his authority with the support of Russian forces (including elements from the former Wagner Group), Emirati, and Egyptian assets. In the west, Tripoli is under the control of militias allied with the official government, but they are frequently in conflict with one another. These intra-militia clashes are violent, unpredictable, and broke out on several occasions in 2024 within densely populated neighborhoods of the capital.

The humanitarian situation is severely degraded : hospitals are in ruins, electricity and water supplies are intermittent, and the living conditions of internally displaced persons and migrants are catastrophic. Migrant detention camps, where torture, rape, and extortion are rampant, continue to operate despite international warnings.

The oil sector remains one of the country's sole economic levers, but blockades, sabotage, and embezzlement prevent any sustainable economic recovery. Critical infrastructure is regularly targeted.

The terrorist risk, although lower than during the 2015–2017 period, has not disappeared. Elements of the Islamic State remain active in the southern and central regions of the country, particularly in the Sebha area. Kidnappings, targeted assassinations, and attacks against local security forces occur regularly there.

For foreign nationals, Libya is one of the most dangerous countries in the world. The risks of kidnapping, arbitrary detention, disappearance, or assassination are extremely high, even in government-controlled areas. There are no Western consular services remaining on the ground. 

All travel is formally discouraged, except for humanitarian or diplomatic missions under maximum protection.